Jan S. Jaworski University of Warsaw, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.18 American historian of Italian descent (his father emigrated from Sicily at the age of 16). He studied history at Ignatius Loyola University in Chicago, where he obtained his doctorate. He worked as a history teacher successively at Loyola College in Montreal, Rosary Read more…
Krzysztof Pilarczyk Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.8 Graduate of chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (1952), long-time employee of the Haematology Clinic of the Medical Academy in Poznań (1957–1984), Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy for Medical Analytics (1993–1996). He Read more…
Marcin Grala Pontifical University of John Paul II, Kraków, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.12 (Old Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις)—the capital of the Byzantine Empire, now Istanbul in Turkey. Constantinople was founded by Emperor Constantine the Great (324–337) on the site of the Greek city of Byzantion, located on the Bosporus and which was a colony Read more…
Krzysztof Pilarczyk Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.4 Born in Wołomin, a graduate of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (MSc), a forester in Białystok forests, then a custodian of the Natural Forestry Museum of the Świętokrzyski National Park in Święty Krzyż (from 1969), an associate of the Centre of Read more…
Krzysztof Pilarczyk Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.3 Polish Catholic priest, theologian, biblical scholar, graduate of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, lecturer and assistant professor at the Pontifical Academy of Theology (now the Pontifical John Paul II University in Krakow), multiple dean of the Read more…
Bartłomiej Wołyniec Pontifical University of John Paul II, Kraków, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.IV.2 Saint of the Catholic Church (beatified in 1602, canonised in 1610), cardinal (from 1560), administrator (from 1560) and then archbishop metropolitan of Milan (from 1564), one of the main reformers of the Church in the spirit of the Council Read more…
Miłosz Grygierczyk https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.II.5.3 (Spanish: El Sudario de Oviedo—literally, ‘the sweat cloth of Oviedo’)—also known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, the Veil of Oviedo—is a rectangular linen cloth kept in Oviedo, the capital of the Spanish region of Asturias. This cloth has approximate dimensions of 855 × 526 mm, a density Read more…
Karolina Aszyk-Treppa University of Gdansk, Poland Zbigniew Treppa University of Gdansk, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.II.5.2 Also referred to as the Icon of Guadalupe or commonly the Virgin of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, Virgen de Guadalupe; English: Our Lady of Guadalupe, Virgin of Guadalupe), is an object through which Mary is Read more…
Karolina Aszyk-Treppa University of Gdansk, Poland Zbigniew Treppa University of Gdansk, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.II.5.1 Referred to nowadays as the Divine Face, Volto Santo, and earlier as the Veronica, Camulia Veil—is an object measuring 17.5 × 24 cm, woven from very thin threads, approximately 100 μm (0.1 mm) thick, with gaps between Read more…
Krzysztof Pilarczyk Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388368.II.4 Polish syndonology is that part of scientific research, started in Poland and among the Polish community at the beginning of the 20th century, which deals with the Shroud of Turin and the popularisation of knowledge about it. Until 1939 these were few, Read more…